Patient examples

Venous malformation becoming symptomatic due to thrombophlebitis; histopathology for differential diagnosis against another lesion

Rapidly progressive genital venous malformation in infancy; histopathology and bleomycin electrosclerotherapy

Recurrence of a large AVM on the left neck and thoracic wall in a young girl; combined therapy and histopathology

Upper airway obstruction due to extensive venous malformation; combined therapy and histopathology

Subcutaneous infantile hemangioma of the upper arm, re-enlargement (rebound) after discontinuation of propranolol therapy; histopathology and drug therapy

Combined venolymphatic malformation of the leg, distally accentuated, relatively rapidly progressive with erysipelas; histopathology and sclerotherapy

Infant with extensive lymphatic malformation – hypopharyngeal obstruction; multiple sclerotherapies

Patient with cutaneous lymphatic malformation of the axilla with lymphorrhea; result after bleomycin electrosclerotherapy (BEST)

Patient with hereditary hemorrhagic teleangiectasia (HHT) - Osler’s disease and multiple pulmonary AVM; embolization

Various patients with diffuse capillary malformation with overgrowth (DCMO syndrome)

Young patient with PTEN hamartoma syndrome and progressive arteriovenous malformation in PTEN hamartoma at the knee; embolization therapy

Long-term clinical course of a cerebriform mixed connective tissue nevus of the foot (“moccasin sole”) after surgery for Proteus syndrome

Child with Parkes-Weber syndrome of the leg; clinical course and embolization

8-year-old boy with extensive space-occupying venous malformation on the distal right upper extremity; combined sclerotherapy and open surgery

3-year-old girl with very rapidly enlarging, space-occupying venous malformation left supraclavicular area; sclerotherapy

Infant with Non-Involuting Congenital Hemangioma (NICH) in the groin; course and embolization

Young female patient with Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome; long-term course and therapy of lymphorrhea

15-year-old girl with recurrent lymphorrhea from a cutaneous lymphatic malformation in the groin; combined therapy

18-year-old patient with large, protruding tongue and markedly impaired quality of life, altered speech pattern with extensive venous malformation; tracheostomy, sclerotherapy, and multiple surgery

6-year-old girl with extensive small-to-large cystic mixed lymphatic malformation (LM) of the head and neck; illustration of the long-term course of treatment and remaining problems

Retroperitoneally located lymphatic malformations can cause significant abdominal problems due to volume increase. The possibilities of surgical therapy are shown with the aid of two cases.

13-month-old boy with right pre- and peri-auricular swelling due to lymphatic malformation (LM); treated by resection via facelift approach with intraoperative facial nerve monitoring

12-year-old boy with PTEN hamartoma syndrome who developed muscle contractures of the left knee joint as a result of progressive PTEN hamartoma; surgical therapy

12-year-old girl with a fibro-adipose vascular anomaly (FAVA) in the calf muscles with pain and progressive pes equinus; surgical therapy

13-year-old girl with severe cartilage damage in the knee joint due to extensive peri- and intra-articular venous malformation; therapy with surgical synovectomy and cartilage replacement

Soft tissue hyperplasia and lymphorrhea of the forefoot in CLOVES syndrome; therapy with atypical forefoot amputation as a functional solution

Long-term course of the progression of an extensive arteriovenous malformation of the hand; multiple embolization therapies and radical surgery were necessary over years

18-month-old child with slow-growing, slightly bluish mass on the thumb. Primary resection with skin grafting due to unclear provenance of the enlarging mass; histology: venous malformation

26-year-old female patient with recurrence of a fast-flow AVM of the finger, digit III of the right hand; preoperative embolization with EVOH and post-interventional surgical nidus resection

A 30-year-old female patient is admitted with recurrent lower abdominal pain. She presents with macrohematuria with urinary retention and urinary tract infection. Further workup includes MRI of the retroperitoneum and abdomen. An intra-abdominal venous malformation is diagnosed as an incidental finding. Course during pregnancy

Venous malformation on the left forearm progressing over years after surgical resection in early adulthood and corresponding recurrence; sclerotherapy

Tumor of right upper arm occurring a few weeks after birth with concomitant deep thrombocytopenia; combined therapy, interventional and medication

Infant with infantile hemangioma on the right cheek, rebound each time after discontinuation of propranolol; medical therapy

Infant with inborne large, deep red tumor on right flank (kaposiform hemangioendothelioma) and total coagulation failure; embolization therapy

2-year-old girl with large, space-occupying mass on the right neck that increased immediately after birth and did not regress (infantile hemangioma); embolization therapy

32-year-old female patient with circumscribed swelling on the abdominal wall (lymphatic malformation) with small lymphatic vesicles on the skin and lymphorrhea; sclerotherapy

13-year-old female patient with painful swelling above the knee due to venous malformation with substantial perfusion; combined therapy with embolization, sclerotherapy and resection

FAVA of the left calf with accompanying pes equinus; combined therapy with endovenous laser and sclerotherapy

12-year-old girl with circumscribed, recurrent painful swelling of the lateral distal thigh due to intramuscular venous malformation; sclerotherapy

In the past year, progressive, red, pulsatile mass (AVM) on the right forehead; combined interventional and surgical therapy

Young man with growing pulsatile mass (AVM) on the left cheek; combined interventional and surgical therapy

Infant with rapidly growing mass on the medial left upper eyelid and risk of deprivation amblyopia; combined interventional and surgical therapy

Infant with pulsatile, rapidly growing mass (AVM) with disfigurement of the fingers; combined interventional and surgical therapy

9-year-old boy with soft, bluish swelling of the preauricular area left side (VM); complete closure by foam sclerotherapy in the long-term course